Editing Solaris 10 System Administration Part I (section)

== Interface Configurations ==

network commands such as ifconfig, ping, & snoop control & monitor functionality of network interfaces

=== View MAC address ===

* use ifconfig -a command as root user
* On SPARC system that hasn't booted use boot programmable read-only memory (PROM) banner command. At ok prompt type banner

Example:
<pre># ifconfig -a
lo0: flags=2001000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4,VIRTUAL> mtu 8232 index 1
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000 
bge0: flags=1004843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,DHCP,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 2
        inet 192.168.1.55 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255
        ether 0:3:ba:a5:e2:eb 
# exit
$ ifconfig -a
ksh: ifconfig:  not found
$</pre>

=== IP address ===

* use ifconfig -a command
* shows interface as up or down
* Change interface state 
** use ifconfig command format # ifconfig [interface name] [up|down]

=== Ping ===

* confirm basic IP connectivity over network by using ICMP ECHO_REQUEST.
** use ping command format # ping [domain name|IP address]

for ping command to succeed conditions must be true on both systems:
* interface must be plumbed
* interface must be properly onfigured
* interface must be up
* interface must be physically connected
* interface must have valid routes configured

=== Trace utility ===

* use traceroute command to trace the route that IP packet follows to another IP host

=== capture & inspecting network packets ===

use snoop utility to capture & inspect network packetsm

format # snoop [host name|IP address] [host name|IP address]

use Control-C to exit snoop utility

use option -a to enable audible clicks

Example of enabling audible clicks for all network traffic related to DHCP:
# snoop -a dhcp

Additional snoop options

<table style="text-align: left; width: 50%;" border="1"
 cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
     <td>snoop</td>
     <td>summary output</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>snoop -o filename</td>
     <td>save captured packets in filename</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>snoop -i filename</td>
     <td>displays packets previously saved to file</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>snoop -i filename -v</td>
     <td>file output to verbose mode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>snoop -i filename -V</td>
     <td>file output to summary verbose mode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>snoop -i filename -x offset</td>
     <td>displays packet data in hexadecimal & ASCII format</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>snoop -d device</td>
     <td>receives packets from a network interface specified by device</td>
</tr>
</table>

=== Configure IPv4 interfaces at boot time ===

files & services that impact IP interfaces:
* svc:/network/physical:default service
* /etc/hostname.xxn file
* /etc/inet/hosts
* /etc/inet/ipnodes

==== svc:/network/physical:default service ====

* service calls /lib/svc/method/net-physical method script, a startup script
* script uses ifconfig utility to configure each interface with IP information
* script searches for files called hostname.xxn in the /etc directory where xx is an interface type and n is the instance of the interface
* each .xxn file found the script uses ifconfig command with plumb option to make the kernel ready to talk to this type of interface
* script then configures the named interface using other options to the ifconfig command

==== /etc/hostname.xxn file ====

* file contains information that configures named interface

<table style="text-align: left; width: 50%;" border="1"
 cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
     <td>Entry</td>
     <td>Interface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>e1000g0</td>
     <td>First e1000g (Intel PRO/1000 Gigabit family device driver) Ethernet interface in the system</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>bge0</td>
     <td>First bge (Broadcom Gigabit Ethernet device driver) Ethernet interface in the system</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>qfe0</td>
     <td>First qfe (Quad Fast-Ethernet device driver) Ethernet interface in system</td>
</tr>
<tr>
     <td>nge0</td>
     <td>First nge (Nvidia Gigabit Ethernet driver) Ethernet interface in the system</td>
</tr>
</table>

* The /etc/hostname.bge0 file contains host name or IP address of system that contains the bge0 interface.
* the host name contained in the file must exist in the /etc/inet/hosts file so that it can be resolved to an IP address at boot time
* You can edit /etc/hostname.bge0 file to contain either host name or IP address from /etc/inet/hosts file

'''NOTE In this example the Solaris machine uses DHCP without defined host so host is unknown.'''
<pre>root@unknown # ls -l /etc/hostname.bge0
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root           1 May 17 10:30 /etc/hostname.bge0
root@unknown # cat /etc/hostname.bge0   

root@unknown # more /etc/inet/hosts
#
# Internet host table
#
127.0.0.1       localhost       loghost
192.168.1.10     unknown # Added by DHCP
root@unknown # ifconfig -a
lo0: flags=2001000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4,VIRTUAL> mtu 8232 index 1
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000 
bge0: flags=1004843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,DHCP,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 2
        inet 192.168.1.10 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255
        ether 0:14:4f:47:bf:9e 
root@unknown #</pre>

==== /etc/inet/hosts ====

* a file that associates the IP addresses of hosts with their names
* you can use file with, or instead of, other hosts databases, including DNS, NIS hosts map, & the NIS+ hosts table
* programs use library interfaces to access info in the file
* file contains at least the loopback & host info
* format for each line: [IP Address] [host name] [aliases/nicknames - optional field]

==== /etc/ipnodes file ====

* symbolic link to /etc/inet/hosts file
* associates names of nodes with IP addresses
* can be used in conjunction with, instead of, other ipnodes databases, including DNS, NIS ipnodes map, & LDAP
* IP addresses can be defined in ipnodes or hosts file
* ipnodes file is searched first then hosts file

=== Changing System Host Name ===

* host name is contained in four files on system
* all must be modified & system rebooted to successfully change system's host name
* four files:
** /etc/nodename
** /etc/hostname.xxn
** /etc/inet/hosts
** /var/crash if crash dump is enabled on system

use uname -S command to temporarily change host name


==== edit /etc/nodename file ====

Each Solaris OS has a canonical name, which is the official name used when referring to a system. the system name is the same as host name associated with IP address of the primary network interface, for example, hostname.bge0

change canonical name by editing the /etc/nodename file & reboot system

if interface is managed by DHCP or remote procedure call (RPC) bootparams protocols, the /etc/nodename file is not used

My example using DHCP /etc/nodename file doesn't exist:
<pre># more /etc/nodename
/etc/nodename: No such file or directory
#</pre>

==== /etc/hostname.xxn file ====

==== /etc/inet/hosts ====

* host names are text strings up to 24 characters
* alphabetic characters, numbers, hyphen, period are allowed in host name
* periods are allowed only to delimit components of domain style names
* first character must be alphabetic character
* last character cannot be hyphen or period
* not case sensitive (unless NIS naming service is used, uppercase characters in names have been known to cause problems with NIS)
* A hash (#) indicates the beginning of a command

=== sys-unconfig command ===

use sys-unconfig command to undo a system configuration & restore to unconfigured state so you can reconfigure

sys-unconfig commands does:
* save /etc/inet/hosts file to /etc/inet/hosts.saved
* if /etc/vfstab file contains NFS mount entries file is saved to /etc/vfstab.orig file
* restores default /etc/inet/hosts file
* removes default host name in /etc/hostname.xxn file for all configured interfaces
* removes default domain name in /etc/defaultdomain file
* removes the time zone to PST8PDT in /etc/TIMEZONE file
* resets naming services to local files
* removes the /etc/inet/netmasks file
* remotes the /etc/defaultrouter file
* removes password set for root user in /etc/shadow file
* removes /etc/.rootkey file for NIS+
* executes all system configuration applications (applications are defined by prior use of sysidconfig -a command)
* removes /etc/resolv.conf file for DNS clients
* disables LDAP by removing:
** /var/ldap/ldap_client_cache file
** /var/ldap/ldap_client_file file
** /var/ldap/ldap_client_cred file
** /var/ldap/cachemgr.log file
* regenerate keys for sshd

when sys-unconfig command is finish the system is shutdown

can only be run as root user

when system is powered on a configuration script prompts you to configure system info

sys-unconfig command is not available on diskless client